Quick Answer
A routine lawn edging service in St. Augustine, FL typically runs $0 as a standalone line item when it is bundled with weekly mowing, while a separate one-time hard-edge cut—using a spade, stick edger with a blade, or dedicated bed-edger—generally costs $45–$150 for a small to average lot and $150–$350 or more for a larger property with extensive bed lines. Per-linear-foot pricing for a first-time or restoration hard-edge cut usually lands in the $1–$3 range depending on trench depth, turf creep, and soil conditions. The two services sound similar but accomplish very different things: a weekly string-trimmer pass keeps the visual line tidy, while a deep hard-edge cut re-establishes the physical trench that keeps Floratam from advancing into beds, driveways, and walkways.
Key Takeaways
- Routine string-line edging is almost always included with weekly mowing and is not a separate charge for Lawnshark maintenance customers.
- A one-time hard-edge restoration cut (spade or power blade edger) costs $45–$150 for small lots and $150–$350+ for larger properties with long bed lines.
- Per-linear-foot pricing for hard-edge cuts runs $1–$3 in St. Augustine, rising toward the high end when turf creep is severe or sandy soil has compressed.
- St. Augustine Floratam spreads aggressively through stolons; in zone 9a sandy coastal soil, hard edges typically need redoing every 12–18 months even with weekly string-trimmer upkeep.
- Crisp physical trenches also serve as a weed barrier and a channel that can hold pre-emergent mulch or pine straw at the bed edge, improving the finished look for HOA compliance and curb-appeal photography.
- Irrigation heads near bed edges must be checked before a hard-edge cut—a blade edger can shear a pop-up head flush with the ground if lines are not flagged.
- Bed definition (separating turf from planting beds) is priced as a separate line from sidewalk and driveway edging because the tool choice, trench geometry, and cleanup labor differ.
Table of Contents
- The two types of edging: weekly touch-up vs. hard-edge cut
- Edging tool types: string trimmer, stick edger, and bed edger
- Cost ranges for lawn edging in St. Augustine, FL
- Why a deep spade cut is different from a weekly string touch-up
- Floratam creep, sandy soil, and how often hard edges need redoing
- Irrigation heads, weed control, and trench management
- HOA neighborhoods, curb appeal, and edging for photography
- Getting a quote and what to expect from Lawnshark
The two types of edging: weekly touch-up vs. hard-edge cut
Most St. Augustine homeowners use the word "edging" to describe two very different services that can easily be confused on an invoice. Understanding the distinction is the first step to budgeting correctly and knowing what to ask for when the bed lines in your yard start to disappear under creeping turf.
Routine string-line edging is the weekly pass that keeps the visual boundary between your lawn and hard surfaces looking sharp. During a standard mowing visit, a crew member uses a string trimmer (held vertically) or a lightweight stick edger to skim the top of the turf along driveways, sidewalks, and the curb. This does not cut a new trench—it removes the few millimeters of growth that appeared since the last visit. For Lawnshark Landscaping maintenance customers, this is part of the standard mowing service, not a separate charge.
A hard-edge cut—also called a first-cut edge, restoration edge, or spade edge—is a different animal. A technician uses a half-moon spade, a stick edger running a solid steel blade, or a dedicated bed-edger machine to cut a clean vertical trench, typically 2–4 inches deep, along bed lines, driveways, and walkways. This removes the physical material of the invading turf, re-establishes the defined channel, and often involves raking or blowing out displaced soil and roots. On a yard that has gone a year or more without a hard edge, this can be a significant labor job—and it is priced as a separate service.
- Weekly touch-up: maintains appearance, no new trench, included with mowing.
- Hard-edge cut: cuts or re-cuts the physical boundary, removes creeping stolons, priced per visit or per linear foot.
- Bed definition edge: separates turf from planting beds rather than hard surfaces—distinct tool geometry, often priced separately from sidewalk/driveway edging.
If you call and ask for "edging" without specifying which type, a good landscaping company will ask clarifying questions. If yours does not, that is a signal to dig deeper before work begins.
Edging tool types: string trimmer, stick edger, and bed edger
The tool used on your property changes the result, the speed, and—when you are paying by the hour—the final invoice. Here is a practical breakdown of what each tool does in the context of St. Augustine, FL lawn conditions.
String trimmer (held vertically): The most common tool for routine maintenance edging. A rotating nylon string cuts the top surface of turf growth at the lawn-to-hardscape boundary. It is fast, flexible, and works on curves. However, it does not cut a defined trench—it skims the surface. On a weekly schedule, this is perfectly adequate to keep the visual line crisp. On a lawn that has been missed for several months, the string trimmer cannot reclaim 2 inches of turf that has grown over the sidewalk; it simply reveals the problem more clearly.
Stick edger (rotary blade): This is a wheeled or guided tool with a solid steel or carbide blade that spins vertically. It cuts a precise groove along straight edges like sidewalks, driveways, and curbs. When used regularly—even every other week—a stick edger keeps a consistent trench depth that prevents turf from filling back quickly. Used as a restoration tool on an overgrown edge, it removes overhanging turf cleanly and leaves a defined shoulder that is easier to maintain going forward.
Bed edger / power edger with blade: A dedicated bed-edger is a walk-behind machine with a rotating steel blade that cuts a continuous slice into the soil at a controlled depth and angle. It is the tool of choice for cutting or restoring the boundary between turf and planting beds, especially on longer runs through mulch or pine-straw beds. The machine cuts faster and more consistently than a half-moon spade on long bed lines, and it can slice through compacted sandy soil and light root tangles that would tire a crew with hand tools. Rental versions are available, but professional-grade machines produce a cleaner result with less cleanup.
Half-moon or flat-blade spade: The original hard-edge tool. A skilled technician can cut a very clean trench with a sharpened spade, especially in garden bed corners and tight areas where a machine cannot reach. Spade work is labor-intensive on large properties but remains valuable for detail work around mature roots, irrigation valve boxes, and landscape features. Many crews use a combination—machine for long straight runs, spade for finish work at corners.
- String trimmer: weekly maintenance, no trench, fast.
- Stick edger: clean trench on hard surfaces, consistent depth, good for routine or light restoration.
- Bed edger machine: best for long bed lines, deep restoration cuts, planting-bed definition.
- Spade: detail work, corners, tight spots, areas with obstacles.
Cost ranges for lawn edging in St. Augustine, FL
Pricing in St. Johns County follows a fairly consistent pattern once you separate the two service types. The numbers below reflect typical market rates in the St. Augustine area for residential properties with Floratam turf in established neighborhoods like Beacon Lake, Shearwater, Silverleaf, Palencia, and World Golf Village.
Routine edging included with weekly mowing: $0 standalone cost for Lawnshark maintenance customers. It is part of the mow-edge-blow package. If you currently have a mowing service that charges extra for edging, that is worth clarifying in writing before the first visit.
One-time hard-edge cut, small lot (up to ~6,000 sq ft of turf, moderate bed lines): $45–$150. On the lower end, the yard has clearly defined existing trenches that simply need refreshing—not heavy turf removal. On the upper end, the crew is dealing with 12+ months of turf creep, deep loam pockets in an otherwise sandy soil, or bed lines with significant curves.
One-time hard-edge cut, larger lot (6,000–12,000+ sq ft, extensive bed lines): $150–$350 or more. Large corner lots in communities like Murabella or estate-sized properties in Palencia can have 400–600 linear feet of bed edge or more. At $1–$3 per linear foot for a restoration cut, the math adds up quickly. Properties that have gone 2+ years without a hard-edge cut are often at the high end of this range because of the volume of material that needs to be removed and disposed of.
Per-linear-foot pricing: $1–$3 per linear foot is the most common way landscapers in this market quote restoration edging. Straight runs of sidewalk and driveway near the lower end; curved, overgrown bed lines near the upper end. Some companies quote a flat minimum charge ($45–$75) plus per-linear-foot for anything beyond 50–75 feet.
Bed definition (separate from sidewalk/driveway edging): bed-edging that separates turf from planting beds is sometimes quoted as a distinct line item—often $1.50–$3 per linear foot—because it requires a different tool angle and more cleanup of displaced soil and root material. Ask for it to be broken out if you want an apples-to-apples comparison between bids.
- Included with mowing: weekly string-line touch-up, no extra charge.
- Small lot restoration hard-edge: $45–$150 one-time.
- Large lot restoration hard-edge: $150–$350+.
- Per linear foot (hard-edge): $1–$3 depending on condition and curvature.
- Bed definition (turf to bed): $1.50–$3 per linear foot, quoted separately.
Why a deep spade cut is different from a weekly string touch-up
The most common misunderstanding in lawn edging conversations is treating a string trimmer pass as equivalent to a hard-edge cut. They look similar on a sunny morning right after the crew leaves, but within two to four weeks the difference becomes visible—and within a season, dramatic.
A string trimmer removes the above-ground growth of turf that has crossed the boundary line. It does not remove the stolons—the horizontal runners that Floratam uses to spread—that are already traveling under the surface into the bed or over the edge of the hardscape. When those stolons are not severed and removed, they continue to push new growth forward. Each weekly trim is cutting the symptom, not the source. This is why a lawn that receives perfect weekly maintenance can still develop significant turf creep into beds over the course of a year.
A deep hard-edge cut physically severs and removes the stolon network at the boundary. The trench—typically 2–4 inches deep and 1–2 inches wide—creates an air gap and a physical barrier. Turf cannot jump a vertical wall; it must grow down, turn, and come back up, which takes time. That is why a properly executed hard-edge cut resets the maintenance clock. After the trench is established, weekly string-trimmer passes are genuinely sufficient to maintain the line for months.
In practical terms: if a new client calls Lawnshark and their bed lines have not been hard-edged in over a year, the first visit often involves a restoration hard-edge cut as a one-time add-on. From that point forward, the weekly mowing service maintains the edge. Many homeowners in St. Augustine's newer communities—Beacon Lake, Silverleaf, Shearwater—encounter this situation within the first year or two of occupancy, as Floratam fills in aggressively after sod installation.
The visual difference is also meaningful for resale and rental photography. A sharp, deep trench casts a shadow line at the bed boundary that reads clearly in photos—it makes beds look intentional and the lawn look manicured even at a distance. A string-trimmer-only edge, especially one with some turf creep, tends to look soft or ragged in wide-angle real estate photography.
Floratam creep, sandy soil, and how often hard edges need redoing
St. Augustine Floratam is one of the most popular turf varieties in North Florida for good reason—it is heat-tolerant, establishes quickly in zone 9a, and handles the humid subtropical summers well. However, it spreads aggressively through surface stolons, and St. Augustine's sandy coastal soil gives those stolons very little resistance as they push into beds, over hardscape shoulders, and across trench walls.
In sandy soil profiles common throughout St. Johns County—especially in coastal neighborhoods near Vilano Beach, Anastasia Island, and the riverfront communities—the soil compacts loosely after rain, which means stolon tips can penetrate the trench wall and re-establish within a single growing season. In neighborhoods built on heavier fill or with more organic matter in the planting beds, the edge holds a bit longer. But in the average St. Augustine yard, plan on a hard-edge restoration every 12–18 months to keep beds fully defined.
Several conditions accelerate the redoing timeline:
- Heavy summer irrigation: moist soil is easier for stolons to penetrate; yards on SJRWMD-compliant watering schedules with well-functioning systems still create favorable stolon-spread conditions during June–September.
- Tree roots near the trench: surface roots from live oaks, magnolias, and palms can uplift the trench wall or create gaps where turf fills in faster.
- Sandy fill soil: new construction lots on fill—common in Nocatee, Silverleaf, and Shearwater—tend to have very loose soil that compresses and shifts, collapsing trench walls faster than older established lots.
- Thick Floratam coverage: a well-fertilized, vigorous lawn (regardless of who does the fertilizing) spreads more aggressively, so edge maintenance frequency is partly a function of how healthy the lawn is overall.
For HOA-governed communities with strict landscape appearance standards, a 12-month hard-edge cycle is a common baseline expectation. Some HOAs in communities like World Golf Village and Palencia issue formal notice for undefined bed edges. Pairing a once-per-year restoration edge with weekly maintenance edging eliminates that risk entirely.
UF/IFAS extension guidance on St. Augustine grass management notes that mechanical edge control is one of the most effective non-chemical methods for managing turf spread into planting beds, particularly in soils where chemical options are restricted or where organic landscaping is preferred.
Irrigation heads, weed control, and trench management
Two practical concerns come up consistently when homeowners discuss hard-edge cuts with their landscape crew: what happens to irrigation heads near the bed lines, and whether the open trench will become a weed highway. Both are legitimate and worth discussing before work begins.
Irrigation heads and hard-edge cuts: Pop-up spray heads and rotary heads are often installed at or just inside the drip line of planting beds—right where a bed-edger blade travels. A steel blade running at 2–4 inches depth can shear a pop-up head body flush with the soil surface if it is not flagged before work begins. The repair cost for a single head body and riser ranges from $15–$40 in parts plus labor, so a few missed heads on a large irrigation system can add meaningfully to the final bill—or generate a separate service call. Before any hard-edge cut, walk the bed lines with the crew and place small flags or landscape paint marks at every irrigation head within 12 inches of the planned trench path. The technician can hand-tool those sections with a spade rather than running the machine blade through.
Similarly, drip-irrigation emitter lines buried at shallow depths near bed edges should be noted. In newer communities, drip lines for shrub and foundation plantings are often within 2–3 inches of the surface and within 6 inches of the bed edge—squarely in the zone of a machine blade. Lawnshark's crews ask about irrigation layouts before starting edge restoration work, but the homeowner is often the best source of information about where lines were buried at installation.
Weed control in the trench: An open, freshly cut trench is an attractive germination site for weeds—especially in St. Augustine's year-round warm soil temperatures. The most effective non-chemical approach is to re-fill the trench edge with a layer of mulch or pine straw immediately after cutting, which shades the soil and blocks light to weed seeds. This is particularly important in spring (March–May), when weed germination pressure is highest in zone 9a. Note that Lawnshark Landscaping does not apply pre-emergent or post-emergent herbicides, as those services require a separate FDACS license. If chemical weed control in the trench is a priority, a licensed applicator in St. Johns County can address that as a separate service.
Trench management after the cut: The displaced soil and root material from a hard-edge cut needs to go somewhere. On a clean operation, the crew rakes or blows the trench spoil into the bed (where it becomes part of the bed substrate) or bags it for removal. Left on the sidewalk or driveway, it looks untidy and can wash into storm drains. Ask your contractor what their cleanup protocol is—it is a good indicator of overall work quality.
- Flag all irrigation heads within 12 inches of planned trench lines before work begins.
- Note buried drip lines and shallow conduits near bed edges.
- Apply fresh mulch or pine straw in the trench after cutting to suppress weeds.
- Confirm the crew's protocol for disposing of trench spoil before work starts.
HOA neighborhoods, curb appeal, and edging for photography
In St. Augustine's master-planned communities—World Golf Village, Palencia, Nocatee, Shearwater, Silverleaf, and Beacon Lake—HOA landscaping standards are a real concern. Appearance violations can generate formal notice and fines, and "undefined lawn edges" or "turf encroaching into planting beds" appear frequently in violation lists. Crisp bed edges are among the most visible and easily cited standards because they are apparent from the street without entering the property.
HOA compliance has driven demand for annual or twice-annual hard-edge restoration cuts in these neighborhoods. The pattern is typically: one restoration cut in late winter or early spring (February–March, before the main growing season accelerates turf spread) and a follow-up in September or October after the summer push. Weekly mowing maintenance covers the in-between weeks. Homeowners who follow this two-cycle approach consistently avoid violation notices related to edging.
Beyond compliance, defined edges have a measurable effect on curb appeal—the way a yard reads from the street or from a photo. In residential real estate, the first impression of a lawn comes from the contrast between the turf plane and the adjacent surfaces: sidewalk, driveway, mulch bed, and planting border. A well-defined edge sharpens that contrast. Real estate photographers in St. Johns County typically request a mow-and-edge service within 24–48 hours of a listing shoot, specifically because the edge line is one of the few lawn features that reads clearly at the distance and angle of a standard exterior photo.
The same principle applies to short-term rental properties. Vacation rental listings in the St. Augustine Beach and Vilano Beach areas often compete on exterior presentation. A lawn with clean, deep edges photographs significantly better than one with turf creeping over the hardscape, even if the grass color and density are identical. The trench shadow line—the dark gap between turf and bed or hardscape—registers as "maintained" in the viewer's eye without them necessarily knowing why.
For HOA submittals and landscape plan reviews, having a scheduled edging program in place (documented as part of a service agreement) can also support homeowner requests for compliance extensions when a property is between maintenance cycles.
- World Golf Village, Palencia, Shearwater, and Silverleaf HOAs commonly cite undefined turf edges in appearance violations.
- A two-cycle hard-edge program (late winter + early fall) paired with weekly mowing maintenance covers most HOA expectations.
- Defined edge trench lines improve contrast in real estate and rental listing photography.
- Beacon Lake and Nocatee properties benefit from timely edge restoration before HOA inspections and seasonal listing periods.
Getting a quote and what to expect from Lawnshark
Getting an accurate edging quote starts with knowing which type of service you need. If your lawn is currently on a mowing maintenance schedule with Lawnshark, routine edging is already included—you do not need a separate quote for weekly touch-ups. If you are a new customer or your bed lines have not been hard-edged in more than 12 months, the first step is a site visit to walk the property and measure total linear footage of bed lines, sidewalk, and driveway edges that need restoration work.
When you call or email, be ready to describe: (1) how long it has been since a hard-edge cut was done, (2) whether you have irrigation heads near the bed lines, (3) whether you have a specific HOA deadline or a listing date driving the timeline, and (4) whether you want bed definition (turf-to-bed) quoted separately from sidewalk and driveway edging. That information allows the team to give you a number over the phone rather than requiring a visit for every quote.
Lawnshark Landscaping serves neighborhoods throughout St. Johns County, including Beacon Lake, Shearwater, Silverleaf, Nocatee, Palencia, Murabella, World Golf Village, Anastasia Island, Vilano Beach, St. Augustine Beach, and St. Augustine Shores. For lawn care in Beacon Lake and nearby communities, the crew is familiar with the specific HOA standards and typical soil and irrigation layouts in those developments, which speeds up both the quote process and the work itself.
Edging restoration is often most efficiently combined with a full lawn maintenance with edging service setup, so the hard-edge cut establishes the trench and the ongoing maintenance schedule keeps it defined week to week. That combination eliminates the need for repeat restoration visits and keeps your property consistently compliant and photo-ready.
To schedule a quote or ask about edging as part of a maintenance package, call Lawnshark Landscaping at 806-464-2771, Monday through Saturday, 7am–6pm, or email lawnshark904@gmail.com. For properties that need both edging and a full landscape refresh before an HOA inspection or a listing, the team can coordinate timing so the work is done in the right sequence.
Need help from a licensed local crew? We offer lawn maintenance with edging across St. Johns County, FL. Call 806-464-2771.
How this applies to your St. Augustine yard
Every piece of advice above has to be filtered through the reality of North Florida — USDA hardiness zone 9a, humid subtropical climate, sandy coastal soils, a long growing season, and an Atlantic hurricane season that runs June through November. A tactic that works in Atlanta or Dallas often falls apart in St. Johns County because the climate is genuinely different. The calendar works differently, the grass species work differently, the pests work differently, and the irrigation needs are wildly different from inland Southern lawns.
On the coast — St. Augustine Beach, Vilano Beach, Anastasia Island, Crescent Beach — salt-laden air is a factor that inland yards never deal with. Salt tolerance matters for every plant selection. West of I-95 in the master-planned communities (World Golf Village, Palencia, TrailMark, Shearwater, SilverLeaf, Murabella, Beacon Lake, Nocatee) the big factor is HOA standards and tree canopy from mature oaks and pines. In older St. Augustine and St. Augustine Shores, live oak canopy and established beds create their own micro-conditions. One size does not fit all across the 15-mile service radius we work inside.
Why a local St. Johns County crew matters
There is a real gap between a national or regional lawn company running generic playbooks and a local St. Augustine crew that knows which streets flood first in a summer downpour, which HOA in Palencia wants dark brown mulch versus which section of Nocatee approves pine straw, and which homes on Anastasia Island have well-water irrigation that stains driveways if the heads are misaimed. That local knowledge is the difference between a yard that looks okay and a yard that looks genuinely cared for.
Lawnshark Landscaping Inc. is based in St. Augustine, FL. Our trucks park here, our crews live here, and our 15-mile service radius is strict so we can actually run a tight schedule. We are fully licensed and insured, and certificates of insurance are emailed directly to HOA property managers before the first visit on any HOA property. That single detail removes a lot of friction for homeowners in World Golf Village, Palencia, Beacon Lake, Nocatee, SilverLeaf, Murabella, TrailMark, and Shearwater.
Related services worth combining
Most questions about pricing overlap with other services. Weekly lawn maintenance pairs naturally with quarterly mulch and pine straw refresh, semiannual palm tree trimming, and an annual irrigation audit. Sod installations almost always make more sense when combined with a full bed refresh and an irrigation tune-up because a new lawn is only as good as the water delivery behind it. Hardscape projects (paver patios, walkways, retaining walls) usually trigger a landscape design refresh on the surrounding beds because newly finished hardscape highlights every tired planting it sits next to.
We run all nine of our services under one crew with one invoice, which means you are not juggling three contractors who each blame the others when something slips. One call, one accountable team. If you want to bundle we will quote it as a single flat rate — a common bundle for a St. Johns County home is weekly lawn maintenance, quarterly mulch refresh, and palm trim twice a year, which is enough to keep a property at HOA standard year round without any additional scheduling effort from you.
What a free estimate looks like
Every estimate is free, on-site, written, and flat-rated before any work begins. There are no deposits required, no trip fees, and no obligation after the quote lands in your inbox. We walk the property with you (or alone, if you prefer), measure the lawn, count the bed linear feet, identify the grass cultivar, check irrigation coverage, and note any HOA requirements for the property. The written quote typically lands in your email within 48 hours of the visit.
If you move forward, recurring services can usually start within 3–7 days of approval and we lock a fixed day of the week for your property. One-time projects (sod installs, paver patios, landscape design) are scheduled based on current queue — fall (October through February) is our fastest hardscape window because the lawn-maintenance load drops. Call 806-464-2771 or email lawnshark904@gmail.com to schedule an estimate. For snowbird, seasonal, or out-of-state owners we run photo-documented service so you have full visibility into property condition without needing to visit.
The St. Augustine seasonal calendar in plain English
Because our climate runs on a different rhythm than most of the country, it helps to have a simple month-by-month frame for how St. Johns County yards behave. January and February are cool and dormant — St. Augustine grass goes semi-dormant below 55°F and you will see color fade, which is normal, not a problem. This is the right window for hardscape work, tree trimming, bed refresh, and landscape design because the lawn is quiet. March is the wake-up: first mow of the season. A licensed chemical lawn company (not us — fertilizer and pre-emergent are a separate FDACS license) will typically want to apply pre-emergent crabgrass control and the first light fertilization once nighttime temps hold above 65°F. April and May are the strong growth window — weekly mowing, sharp blades, and the first real irrigation tune-up of the year.
June through September is the hard season. Daily afternoon storms, high humidity, and soil temperatures over 85°F create perfect conditions for chinch bugs, gray leaf spot, take-all root rot, and fungal pressure on St. Augustine grass. Mowing frequency stays weekly, sometimes every five days on irrigated lawns. Irrigation should run early morning only — never evening — to avoid leaf wetness overnight. Hurricane season is also live, so homeowners need a plan for pre-storm yard prep and post-storm debris cleanup. October and November are recovery months — a last fertilization of the year is typical before the winterizer cutoff (handled by your licensed applicator, not us), plus gutter and leaf cleanup under live oak canopy, and prepping irrigation for cooler nights. December is quiet maintenance mode.
Common mistakes we see on St. Augustine properties
A handful of mistakes show up on almost every new estimate we walk. Mowing too short is the most common — St. Augustine grass should be cut at 3.5 to 4 inches, never lower. Scalping a Floratam lawn opens the door to weeds, chinch bugs, and fungal disease within one or two mow cycles. Watering every day on a timer is the second most common error — deep, infrequent watering (roughly 3/4 inch twice a week) produces far stronger roots than daily light watering, which trains roots to stay shallow and makes the lawn fragile the first time a timer fails or a storm knocks out power.
Over-fertilizing in summer is the third — a mistake we see on estimate walkthroughs, though the fertilization itself is done by a separately licensed applicator, not by us. Heavy nitrogen applications when soil temperatures are high push fast top growth that chinch bugs and fungal disease love. Applying mulch too thick against tree trunks and plant bases (volcano mulching) is the fourth — two to three inches total is plenty, pulled back from trunks by a few inches. Ignoring irrigation coverage gaps is the fifth — most yards we audit have at least one zone with a head that has drifted, clogged, or been clipped by a mower. A thirty-minute irrigation walk once per quarter catches all of that before a brown patch appears in the wrong place.